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(for railway signals)

  • 1 Westinghouse, George

    [br]
    b. 6 October 1846 Central Bridge, New York, USA
    d. 12 March 1914 New York, New York, USA
    [br]
    American inventor and entrepreneur, pioneer of air brakes for railways and alternating-current distribution of electricity.
    [br]
    George Westinghouse's father was an ingenious manufacturer of agricultural implements; the son, after a spell in the Union Army during the Civil War, and subsequently in the Navy as an engineer, went to work for his father. He invented a rotary steam engine, which proved impracticable; a rerailing device for railway rolling stock in 1865; and a cast-steel frog for railway points, with longer life than the cast-iron frogs then used, in 1868–9. During the same period Westinghouse, like many other inventors, was considering how best to meet the evident need for a continuous brake for trains, i.e. one by which the driver could apply the brakes on all vehicles in a train simultaneously instead of relying on brakesmen on individual vehicles. By chance he encountered a magazine article about the construction of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, with a description of the pneumatic tools invented for it, and from this it occurred to him that compressed air might be used to operate the brakes along a train.
    The first prototype was ready in 1869 and the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was set up to manufacture it. However, despite impressive demonstration of the brake's powers when it saved the test train from otherwise certain collision with a horse-drawn dray on a level crossing, railways were at first slow to adopt it. Then in 1872 Westinghouse added to it the triple valve, which enabled the train pipe to charge reservoirs beneath each vehicle, from which the compressed air would apply the brakes when pressure in the train pipe was reduced. This meant that the brake was now automatic: if a train became divided, the brakes on both parts would be applied. From then on, more and more American railways adopted the Westinghouse brake and the Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893 made air brakes compulsory in the USA. Air brakes were also adopted in most other parts of the world, although only a minority of British railway companies took them up, the remainder, with insular reluctance, preferring the less effective vacuum brake.
    From 1880 Westinghouse was purchasing patents relating to means of interlocking railway signals and points; he combined them with his own inventions to produce a complete signalling system. The first really practical power signalling scheme, installed in the USA by Westinghouse in 1884, was operated pneumatically, but the development of railway signalling required an awareness of the powers of electricity, and it was probably this that first led Westinghouse to become interested in electrical processes and inventions. The Westinghouse Electric Company was formed in 1886: it pioneered the use of electricity distribution systems using high-voltage single-phase alternating current, which it developed from European practice. Initially this was violently opposed by established operators of direct-current distribution systems, but eventually the use of alternating current became widespread.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Légion d'honneur. Order of the Crown of Italy. Order of Leopold.
    Bibliography
    Westinghouse took out some 400 patents over forty-eight years.
    Further Reading
    H.G.Prout, 1922, A Life of "George Westinghouse", London (biography inclined towards technicalities).
    F.E.Leupp, 1918, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements, Boston (London 1919) (biography inclined towards Westinghouse and his career).
    J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 152–4.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Westinghouse, George

  • 2 требование сигналов

    Railway term: call for signals

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > требование сигналов

  • 3 Saxby, John

    [br]
    b. 17 August 1821 Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, England
    d. 22 April 1913 Hassocks, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English railway signal engineer, pioneer of interlocking.
    [br]
    In the mid-1850s Saxby was a foreman in the Brighton Works of the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway, where he had no doubt become familiar with construction of semaphore signals of the type invented by C.H. Gregory; the London-Brighton line was one of the first over which these were installed. In the 1850s points and signals were usually worked independently, and it was to eliminate the risk of accident from conflicting points and signal positions that Saxby in 1856 patented an arrangement by which related points and signals would be operated simultaneously by a single lever.
    Others were concerned with the same problem. In 1855 Vignier, an employee of the Western Railway of France, had made an interlocking apparatus for junctions, and in 1859 Austin Chambers, who worked for the North London Railway, installed at Kentish Town Junction an interlocking lever frame in which a movement that depended upon another could not even commence until the earlier one was completed. He patented it early in 1860; Saxby patented his own version of such an apparatus later the same year. In 1863 Saxby left the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway to enter into a partnership with J.S.Farmer and established Saxby \& Farmer's railway signalling works at Kilburn, London. The firm manufactured, installed and maintained signalling equipment for many prominent railway companies. Its interlocking frames made possible installation of complex track layouts at increasingly busy London termini possible.
    In 1867 Saxby \& Farmer purchased Chambers's patent of 1860, Later developments by the firm included effective interlocking actuated by lifting a lever's catch handle, rather than by the lever itself (1871), and an improved locking frame known as the "gridiron" (1874). This was eventually superseded by tappet interlocking, which had been invented by James Deakin of the rival firm Stevens \& Co. in 1870 but for which patent protection had been lost through non-renewal.
    Saxby \& Farmer's equipment was also much used on the European continent, in India and in the USA, to which it introduced interlocking. A second manufacturing works was set up in 1878 at Creil (Oise), France, and when the partnership terminated in 1888 Saxby moved to Creil and managed the works himself until he retired to Sussex in 1900.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1856, British patent no. 1,479 (simultaneous operation of points and signals). 1860, British patent no. 31 (a true interlocking mechanism).
    1867, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 538 (improvements to the interlocking mechanism patented in 1860).
    1870, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 569 (the facing point lock by plunger bolt).
    1871, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 1,601 (catch-handle actuated interlocking) 1874, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 294 (gridiron frame).
    Further Reading
    Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company, 1956, John Saxby (1821–1913) and His Part in the Development of Interlocking and of the Signalling Industry, London (published to mark the centenary of the 1856 patent).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Saxby, John

  • 4 Gregory, Sir Charles Hutton

    [br]
    b. 14 October 1817 Woolwich, England
    d. 10 January 1898 London, England
    [br]
    English civil engineer, inventor of the railway semaphore signal.
    [br]
    Gregory's father was Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.C.H. Gregory himself, after working for Robert Stephenson, was appointed Engineer to the London \& Croydon Railway in 1839. On it, at New Cross in 1841, he installed a semaphore signal derived from signalling apparatus used by the Royal Navy; two hinged semaphore arms projected either side from the top of a post, signalling to drivers of trains in each direction of travel. In horizontal position each arm signified "danger", an arm inclined at 45° meant "caution" and the vertical position, in which the arms disappeared within a slot in the post, meant "all right". Gregory's signal was the forerunner of semaphore signals adopted on railways worldwide. In 1843 Gregory invented the stirrup frame: signal arms were connected to stirrups that were pushed down by the signalman's foot in order to operate them, while the points were operated by levers. The stirrups were connected together to prevent conflicting signals from being shown. This was a predecessor of interlocking. In 1846 Gregory became Engineer to the Bristol \& Exeter Railway, where in 1848 he co-operated with W.B. Adams in the development and operation of the first self-propelled railcar. He later did civil engineering work in Italy and France, was Engineer to the Somerset Central and Dorset Central railways and became Consulting Engineer for the government railways in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Cape of Good Hope, Straits Settlements and Trinidad.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1876. Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1883. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1867– 8.
    Bibliography
    1841, Practical Rules for the Management of a Locomotive Engine, London (one of the earliest such textbooks).
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1898, Engineering 65 (14 January). See also Saxby, John.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Gregory, Sir Charles Hutton

  • 5 señalización

    f.
    signposting, signaling, signals, signage.
    * * *
    1 (señales) road signs plural; (de aeropuerto, estación) signposting, signs plural
    2 (colocación) signposting
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) (Aut) signposting, signing (EEUU); (Ferro) signalling, signaling (EEUU)
    2) (=conjunto de señales) [en carretera] road signs pl ; [en edificio] signposting
    * * *
    a) (en carretera, calle) signposting; (en edificio, centro comercial) signs (pl)
    b) (Ferr) signaling*
    * * *
    = marking, signing, signposting, signage, directional signs, signalling [signaling].
    Ex. Marking manuscripts should be undertaken only for security reasons having duly considered the etchical and technical implications of such a course of action.
    Ex. A major aspect in the library interior is the signing.
    Ex. The sequence in the book is chosen for us by the author and we cannot alter it, though we may to a large extent minimize the effect by adequate signposting in the form of indexes and guiding.
    Ex. The concept of signage as a system of information graphics is to guide people to an understanding of the physical layout and utilisation of library service.
    Ex. This was demonstrated by the wide use of library literature, subject bibliographies, directional signs, and special reference services.
    Ex. Fireflies are the classic example of organisms that use light signalling for sexual communication.
    ----
    * dispositivo de señalización = pointing device.
    * letrero de señalización = signpost.
    * señalización de carreteras = road signage.
    * señalización de circulación = road signage.
    * señalización del tráfico ferroviario = railway signalling.
    * señalización de tráfico = road signage.
    * señalización vial = road signage.
    * * *
    a) (en carretera, calle) signposting; (en edificio, centro comercial) signs (pl)
    b) (Ferr) signaling*
    * * *
    = marking, signing, signposting, signage, directional signs, signalling [signaling].

    Ex: Marking manuscripts should be undertaken only for security reasons having duly considered the etchical and technical implications of such a course of action.

    Ex: A major aspect in the library interior is the signing.
    Ex: The sequence in the book is chosen for us by the author and we cannot alter it, though we may to a large extent minimize the effect by adequate signposting in the form of indexes and guiding.
    Ex: The concept of signage as a system of information graphics is to guide people to an understanding of the physical layout and utilisation of library service.
    Ex: This was demonstrated by the wide use of library literature, subject bibliographies, directional signs, and special reference services.
    Ex: Fireflies are the classic example of organisms that use light signalling for sexual communication.
    * dispositivo de señalización = pointing device.
    * letrero de señalización = signpost.
    * señalización de carreteras = road signage.
    * señalización de circulación = road signage.
    * señalización del tráfico ferroviario = railway signalling.
    * señalización de tráfico = road signage.
    * señalización vial = road signage.

    * * *
    1 (en una carretera, una calle) signposting; (en un edificio, un centro comercial) signs (pl)
    2 ( Ferr) signaling*
    Compuesto:
    roadsigns (pl)
    * * *

    señalización sustantivo femenino
    a) (en carretera, calle) signposting;

    (en edificio, centro comercial) signs (pl)
    b) (Ferr) signaling( conjugate signaling)

    ' señalización' also found in these entries:
    English:
    marking
    * * *
    1. [conjunto de señales] signs
    señalización vial o viaria road signs
    2. Ferroc signals
    3. [colocación de señales] signposting
    * * *
    f
    1 signposting
    2 ( señales) signs pl

    Spanish-English dictionary > señalización

  • 6 Bain, Alexander

    [br]
    b. October 1810 Watten, Scotland
    d. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).
    [br]
    Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.
    The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.
    10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).
    1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles and
    Mechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).
    Further Reading
    The best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.
    J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.
    J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.
    D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.
    T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).
    DV / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bain, Alexander

  • 7 Signal

    n; -s, -e signal (auch EISENB.); (Zeichen) sign; das Signal steht auf „Halt“ the signal is at „stop“(EISENB. „danger“); ein Signal übersehen EISENB. overrun a signal; ein Signal geben (give a) signal; Signal geben MOT. sound one’s horn; das Signal für Gefahr the danger signal, the signal for danger; das Signal zum Angriff the signal to attack; das Signal zum Aufbruch fig. the sign (for us etc.) to leave; alle Signale stehen auf... all the pointers are in favo(u)r of...; Signale setzen point the way to the future
    * * *
    das Signal
    signal
    * * *
    Sig|nal [zɪ'gnaːl]
    nt -s, -e (AUCH RAIL, COMPUT))
    signal

    (ein) Signál geben — to give a signal

    mit der Hupe (ein) Signál geben — to hoot (as a signal)

    Signále setzen (fig) — to blaze a trail

    falsche Signále setzen (fig) — to point in the wrong direction

    * * *
    das
    1) (a sign (eg a movement of the hand, a light, a sound), especially one arranged beforehand, giving a command, warning or other message: He gave the signal to advance.) signal
    2) (a machine etc used for this purpose: a railway signal.) signal
    3) (the wave, sound received or sent out by a radio set etc.) signal
    * * *
    Si·gnal
    <-s, -e>
    [zɪˈgna:l]
    nt
    1. (Zeichen) signal
    das \Signal zum Angriff/Start the signal for the attack/start
    [mit etw dat] [ein] \Signal geben to give a/the signal [with sth]
    mit der Hupe [ein] \Signal geben to sound the horn [as a/the signal]
    \Signale aussenden to transmit signals
    2. BAHN signal
    ein \Signal überfahren to pass a signal at danger, to overrun a signal
    3. pl (geh: Ansätze) signs
    [durch etw akk [o mit etw dat]] \Signale [für etw akk] setzen (geh) to blaze a trail [for sth] [with sth]
    4. TELEK signal
    analoges \Signal analogue [or AM also -og] signal
    * * *
    das; Signals, Signale signal

    das Signal steht auf ‘Halt’ — the signal is at ‘stop’

    * * *
    Signal n; -s, -e signal ( auch BAHN); (Zeichen) sign;
    das Signal steht auf „Halt“ the signal is at “stop”(BAHN “danger”);
    ein Signal übersehen BAHN overrun a signal;
    ein Signal geben (give a) signal;
    Signal geben AUTO sound one’s horn;
    das Signal für Gefahr the danger signal, the signal for danger;
    das Signal zum Angriff the signal to attack;
    das Signal zum Aufbruch fig the sign (for us etc) to leave;
    alle Signale stehen auf … all the pointers are in favo(u)r of …;
    Signale setzen point the way to the future
    * * *
    das; Signals, Signale signal

    das Signal steht auf ‘Halt’ — the signal is at ‘stop’

    * * *
    (e) n.
    signal n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Signal

  • 8 signal

    n; -s, -e signal (auch EISENB.); (Zeichen) sign; das Signal steht auf „Halt“ the signal is at „stop“(EISENB. „danger“); ein Signal übersehen EISENB. overrun a signal; ein Signal geben (give a) signal; Signal geben MOT. sound one’s horn; das Signal für Gefahr the danger signal, the signal for danger; das Signal zum Angriff the signal to attack; das Signal zum Aufbruch fig. the sign (for us etc.) to leave; alle Signale stehen auf... all the pointers are in favo(u)r of...; Signale setzen point the way to the future
    * * *
    das Signal
    signal
    * * *
    Sig|nal [zɪ'gnaːl]
    nt -s, -e (AUCH RAIL, COMPUT))
    signal

    (ein) Signál geben — to give a signal

    mit der Hupe (ein) Signál geben — to hoot (as a signal)

    Signále setzen (fig) — to blaze a trail

    falsche Signále setzen (fig) — to point in the wrong direction

    * * *
    das
    1) (a sign (eg a movement of the hand, a light, a sound), especially one arranged beforehand, giving a command, warning or other message: He gave the signal to advance.) signal
    2) (a machine etc used for this purpose: a railway signal.) signal
    3) (the wave, sound received or sent out by a radio set etc.) signal
    * * *
    Si·gnal
    <-s, -e>
    [zɪˈgna:l]
    nt
    1. (Zeichen) signal
    das \Signal zum Angriff/Start the signal for the attack/start
    [mit etw dat] [ein] \Signal geben to give a/the signal [with sth]
    mit der Hupe [ein] \Signal geben to sound the horn [as a/the signal]
    \Signale aussenden to transmit signals
    2. BAHN signal
    ein \Signal überfahren to pass a signal at danger, to overrun a signal
    3. pl (geh: Ansätze) signs
    [durch etw akk [o mit etw dat]] \Signale [für etw akk] setzen (geh) to blaze a trail [for sth] [with sth]
    4. TELEK signal
    analoges \Signal analogue [or AM also -og] signal
    * * *
    das; Signals, Signale signal

    das Signal steht auf ‘Halt’ — the signal is at ‘stop’

    * * *
    …signal n im subst:
    Blinksignal flashing signal;
    Hornsignal horn signal;
    Jagdsignal hunting signal
    * * *
    das; Signals, Signale signal

    das Signal steht auf ‘Halt’ — the signal is at ‘stop’

    * * *
    (e) n.
    signal n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > signal

  • 9 semáforo

    m.
    traffic light, stoplight, traffic signal.
    * * *
    1 traffic lights plural
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Aut) traffic lights pl
    2) (Náut) semaphore; (Ferro) signal
    * * *
    a) (Auto) traffic lights (pl)

    se pasó un semáforo en rojo — she went through o (AmE) ran a red light

    b) (Ferr) stop signal
    c) (Náut) semaphore
    * * *
    = stoplight, traffic signal, traffic light.
    Ex. Stoplights are red, yellow, and green, because traffic officials copied the code system railroad engineers devised for track systems controlling the trains.
    Ex. Traffic signals are often mounted overhead as well as on the right and left sides of the road.
    Ex. Traffic lights always have two main lights, a red light that means stop and a green that means go.
    ----
    * señal de semáforo = semaphore.
    * * *
    a) (Auto) traffic lights (pl)

    se pasó un semáforo en rojo — she went through o (AmE) ran a red light

    b) (Ferr) stop signal
    c) (Náut) semaphore
    * * *
    = stoplight, traffic signal, traffic light.

    Ex: Stoplights are red, yellow, and green, because traffic officials copied the code system railroad engineers devised for track systems controlling the trains.

    Ex: Traffic signals are often mounted overhead as well as on the right and left sides of the road.
    Ex: Traffic lights always have two main lights, a red light that means stop and a green that means go.
    * señal de semáforo = semaphore.

    * * *
    1 ( Auto) traffic lights (pl), traffic signal(s (pl))
    se pasó un semáforo en rojo she went through o ( AmE) ran a red light
    giras en el semáforo you turn off at the lights
    justo después del parque encuentras otro semáforo right after the park you come to another set of (traffic) lights
    2 ( Ferr) stop signal
    3 ( Náut) semaphore
    * * *

     

    semáforo sustantivo masculino
    a) (Auto) traffic lights (pl);

    ◊ se pasó un semáforo en rojo she went through o (AmE) ran a red light

    b) (Ferr) stop signal

    c) (Náut) semaphore

    semáforo sustantivo masculino
    1 Auto traffic lights pl
    2 Ferroc semaphore, signal
    ♦ Locuciones: semáforo en rojo/en verde, red/green light
    ' semáforo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    calarse
    - saltarse
    - alto
    - amarillo
    - rojo
    - saltar
    English:
    amber
    - jump
    - light
    - past
    - red light
    - run
    - shoot
    - stoplights
    - traffic light
    - traffic lights
    - further
    - red
    - straight
    - traffic
    * * *
    1. [en calle] traffic lights;
    el semáforo está (en) rojo the lights are red;
    saltarse un semáforo to jump the lights;
    gira a la derecha en el próximo semáforo turn right at the next traffic lights
    semáforo sonoro pedestrian crossing, Br pelican crossing [with audible signal]
    2. Ferroc railway o US railroad signal
    * * *
    m traffic light;
    saltarse un semáforo en rojo run o jump a red light
    * * *
    1) : traffic light
    2) : stop signal
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > semáforo

  • 10 signal

    [ˈsɪgnəl]
    1. noun
    1) a sign (eg a movement of the hand, a light, a sound), especially one arranged beforehand, giving a command, warning or other message:

    He gave the signal to advance.

    إشارَه
    2) a machine etc used for this purpose:

    a railway signal.

    ماكِنة تُسْتَعْمَل كإشارَه
    3) the wave, sound received or sent out by a radio set etc.
    إشارَة لاسِلكِيَّه
    2. verb
    – past tense, past participle ˈsignalled, (American) ˈsignaled
    1) to make signals (to):

    The policeman signalled the driver to stop.

    يُعْطي إشارَه
    2) to send (a message etc) by means of signals.
    يُرْسِلُ إشارَةً

    Arabic-English dictionary > signal

  • 11 عامل

    عَامِل \ active: busy; not lazy; able to do things: My father is old but still active. He takes an active part in village affairs. agent: (esp. in science) sth. that acts on sth. else and produces an effect. hand: a worker: a factory hand. labourer, laborer: sb. who performs heavy unskilled work. man: an employed male: the builder’s men. worker: anyone who works, but esp. an employed person: Is she an office worker or a factory worker?. workman: sb. who works with his hands at a skilled job. \ See Also نشيط (نَشيط)، فعال (فَعّال)‏ \ عَامِل الإشارات (في سِكّة الحَديد)‏ \ signalman, signalmen: a signaller; sb. who sets signals on a railway. \ عَامِل الإشارة (في الجَيْش)‏ \ signaller, signaler: a soldier whose job is to send and receive signals. \ عَامِل مُضْرِب عن العَمَل \ striker: sb. who stops work in support of some demand. \ عَامِلُ شَحْنِ وتفريغِ السُّفُن \ stevedore: sb. who loads or unloads a ship. \ عَامِل على آلة \ operator: sb. who controls a machine (esp. a radio or telephone): Pick up your telephone and ask the operator for the number that you want. \ See Also جهاز (جِهاز)‏ \ عَامِل في مَنْجَم \ miner: sb. who works in a mine: a coal miner. \ عَامِل كهربائيّ \ electrician: sb. who looks after electrical supplies and instruments. \ عَامِل مَاهِر \ craftsman, craftsmen: sb. skilled with the hands. \ عَامِل مساعِد \ factor: any cause, condition, etc. that helps to produce a result: One’s age and experience are important factors in finding a job. \ عَامِل الميناء \ docker: sb. who works at loading or repairing ships.

    Arabic-English dictionary > عامل

  • 12 Crampton, Thomas Russell

    [br]
    b. 6 August 1816 Broadstairs, Kent, England
    d. 19 April 1888 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer, pioneer of submarine electric telegraphy and inventor of the Crampton locomotive.
    [br]
    After private education and an engineering apprenticeship, Crampton worked under Marc Brunel, Daniel Gooch and the Rennie brothers before setting up as a civil engineer in 1848. His developing ideas on locomotive design were expressed through a series of five patents taken out between 1842 and 1849, each making a multiplicity of claims. The most typical feature of the Crampton locomotive, however, was a single pair of driving wheels set to the rear of the firebox. This meant they could be of large diameter, while the centre of gravity of the locomotive remained low, for the boiler barrel, though large, had only small carrying-wheels beneath it. The cylinders were approximately midway along the boiler and were outside the frames, as was the valve gear. The result was a steady-riding locomotive which neither pitched about a central driving axle nor hunted from side to side, as did other contemporary locomotives, and its working parts were unusually accessible for maintenance. However, adhesive weight was limited and the long wheelbase tended to damage track. Locomotives of this type were soon superseded on British railways, although they lasted much longer in Germany and France. Locomotives built to the later patents incorporated a long, coupled wheelbase with drive through an intermediate crankshaft, but they mostly had only short lives. In 1851 Crampton, with associates, laid the first successful submarine electric telegraph cable. The previous year the brothers Jacob and John Brett had laid a cable, comprising a copper wire insulated with gutta-percha, beneath the English Channel from Dover to Cap Gris Nez: signals were passed but within a few hours the cable failed. Crampton joined the Bretts' company, put up half the capital needed for another attempt, and designed a much stronger cable. Four gutta-percha-insulated copper wires were twisted together, surrounded by tarred hemp and armoured by galvanized iron wires; this cable was successful.
    Crampton was also active in railway civil engineering and in water and gas engineering, and c. 1882 he invented a hydraulic tunnel-boring machine intended for a Channel tunnel.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Officier de la Légion d'Honneur (France).
    Bibliography
    1842, British patent no. 9,261.
    1845. British patent no. 10,854.
    1846. British patent no. 11,349.
    1847. British patent no. 11,760.
    1849, British patent no. 12,627.
    1885, British patent no. 14,021.
    Further Reading
    M.Sharman, 1933, The Crampton Locomotive, Swindon: M.Sharman; P.C.Dewhurst, 1956–7, "The Crampton locomotive", Parts I and II, Transactions of the Newcomen Society 30:99 (the most important recent publications on Crampton's locomotives).
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allen. J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles, 102–4.
    R.B.Matkin, 1979, "Thomas Crampton: Man of Kent", Industrial Past 6 (2).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Crampton, Thomas Russell

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